Passive Voice

In Indonesian, passive voice is used to say "Di....."
i.g : Surat itu ditulis oleh Lia tadi malam
      The letter was written by Lia last night

The clues of making Passive Voice are
BE + V3(past participle)

Simple Present		is, am, are		V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
Present Continuous		is, am, are	being
Simple Past		was, were
Past Continuous		was, were	being
Present perfect	has/have	been
Past perfect	had	been
Modals		be

Be
Subjects	Present	Past
I	am	was
You	are	were
We	are	were
They	are	were
He	is	was
She	is	was
It	is	was

Modals	Present	Past
	can	could
	may	might
	must	had to
	will	would
	shall	should
	have/has to	had to

Exercise:
Change the following sentences into passive ones!
1. Lina writes a letter today
2. The peasants planted corn's seeds yesterday
3. They will analyze the result of the test tomorrow
4. We have understood your problem
5. My brother is cooking fried rice right now

Answer:
1. A letter is written by Lina today
2.Corn's seeds were planted by the peasants yesterday
3. The result of the test will be analyzed (by them) tomorrow
4. Your problem has been understood (by us)
5. Fried rice is being cooked by my mother right now

IF CLAUSE -- TYPE 3

Fact: Last week, it rained heavily. Yulio didn't come to Rina's birthday party.
In such a condition,  you really wanted to go there, but it was very impossible to do
because it rained heavily.
To express conditional sentence, the formula used is type 3.

If It had not rained heavily, Yulio would have come to Rina's birthday party.

Type 3:
    IF CLAUSE                                EXPECTATION
    If, past perfect                              -> past perfect future
          1. (+) had + V3                     (+) would + have + V3  / been

               (-) had not + V3                (-) would not have +V3 / been      
                                                                                            (Adj, Adv, N)   
          2. (+) had been (Adj, Adv, N)  
               (-) had not been
   
Conclusion:
If the fact is in positive form (+) ->  if clause is in negative form
i.g:
They treated me badly              - >  If they had not treated  me badly
She was crazy                          ->   If she had not been crazy
or
If the fact is in negative form (-) ->  if clause is in positive form

i.g:
I didn't  have money                   ->  If I had had money
She didn't come  here                 ->  If She had come here
       
and for the expectation,
If the fact is in positive form (+) ->  Expectation is in negative form

i.g:
He went home alone                 - > He would not have gone home
                                                     alone
I was confused with your attitude - > I would not have been confused with your attitude
or

If the fact is in negative form (-) -> Expectation is in positive form

i.g:
He didn't care of me                   ->  He would have cared of me
They were not diligent                 ->  They would have been diligent

IF CLAUSE -- TYPE 2

We often have imagination/expectation in our life that is contrary to
the fact in front of us. For example: If I'm rich I will....., If I get a good
mark I will....If I meet my idol I will....., etc. To express those all, we
can use the following formula if there is impossibility to
bring them into reality.

Type 1:
    IF CLAUSE                                EXPECTATION
    If, simple past                               -> past future
          1. (+)verb 2 (past)                  (+) would + V1  / be
               (-) didn't + V1                   (-) would not       (Adj, Adv, N)   
          2. (+) were (Adj, Adv, N)
               (-) were not
    i.g:
    If I had money, I would treat you meatball   
   (Jika aku punya uang, Aku akan mentraktir kamu bakso)
    This sentence shows the fact: "I don't have money, I don't
                                                  treat you meatball"
    (kalimat ini menunjukkan kenyataan Aku tidak punya uang
                                                 aku tidak mentraktir kamu
                                                 bakso) 
Conclusion:
If the fact is in positive form (+) ->  if clause is in negative form
i.g:
I get a punishment                    - >  If I didn't get a punishment
I am a student                          ->   If I were not a student
or
If the fact is in negative form (-) ->  if clause is in positive form

i.g:
I don't have money                   ->  If I had money
She doesn't look at me             ->  If She looked at me
       
and for the expectation,
If the fact is in positive form (+) ->  Expectation is in negative form

i.g:
He takes me home by bus       - > He would not take me home
                                                     by bus
I am angry with him                 - > I would not be angry with him
or

If the fact is in negative form (-) -> Expectation is in positive form

i.g:
He doesn't take  me home by taxi ->  He would take me home by taxi
They are not tired soon            ->  They would be tired soon

IF CLAUSE /CONDITIONAL SENTENCE (TYPE 1)

We often have imagination/expectation in our life that is contrary to
the fact in front of us. For example: If I'm rich I will....., If I get a good
mark I will....If I meet my idol I will....., etc. To express those all, we
can use the following formula if there is a good chance/possibility to
bring them into reality.

Type 1:
    IF CLAUSE                                EXPECTATION
    If, simple present                         -> present future
          1. (+)verb1 / v(s/es)                   (+) will + V1  / be
               (-) don't/doesn't V1               (-) won't         (Adj, Adv, N)   
          2. (+) is,am,are (Adj, Adv, N)
               (-) is not, am not, are not
    i.g:
    If I have money, I will treat you meatball today
    (Jika aku punya uang, Aku akan mentraktir kamu bakso hari ini)
    This sentence shows the fact: "I don't have money, I don't
                                                  treat you meatball today"
    (kalimat ini menunjukkan kenyataan Aku tidak punya uang
                                                 aku tidak mentraktir kamu
                                                 bakso hari ini) 
Conclusion:
If the fact is in positive form (+) ->  if clause is in negative form
i.g:
I get a punishment                    - >  If I don't get a punishment
I am a student                          ->   If I am not a student
or
If the fact is in negative form (-) ->  if clause is in positive form

i.g:
I don't have money                   ->  If I have money
She doesn't look at me             ->  If She looks at me
       
and for the expectation,
If the fact is in positive form (+) ->  Expectation is in negative form

i.g:
He takes me home by bus       - > He won't take / will not take me home
                                                     by bus
I am angry with him                 - > I will not be angry with him
or

If the fact is in negative form (-) -> Expectation is in positive form

i.g:
He doesn't take  me home by taxi ->  He will take me home by taxi
They are not tired soon            ->  They will be tired soon